Takeaways:
As required for volunteer work at a local hospital, Monica, a 28-year-old woman, arrives as a new patient at a small community clinic to request a tuberculosis (TB) skin test. When the nurse asks Monica if she’s ever had a positive TB test, she says that she hasn’t. The nurse administers the purified protein derivative (PPD) vaccine to the patient’s left forearm and advises her to return in 48 to 72 hours to read the results. When the patient returns 2 days later, the nurse notes a 7-mm induration and no redness. He documents the results as negative.
About 3 months later Monica returns to the clinic with a cough and night sweats, which she says have worsened over the past 2 months. The provider obtains a complete history. The patient has hypertension, diabetes, and is HIV positive. A chest X-ray ordered by the provider indicates that Monica may have TB. A sputum culture confirms the diagnosis. Everyone Monica has encountered (at the hospital where she volunteers, at the clinic, and in her home and community) must be tested and receive ongoing follow-up and care.
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Could this situation have been avoided when Monica received her TB skin test? Did the nurse make an error when he interpreted the 7-mm induration as negative? Does a magic number exist that nurses can rely on as the minimum induration for a positive result?
All nurses learn how to administer and interpret TB skin tests and that a result of ≥10 mm induration is positive. The test can be given as a one- or two-step screening. In the one-step protocol, the nurse administers the PPD vaccine intradermally to the patients’ forearm and interprets the result within 48 to 72 hours. If the results aren’t read within that timeframe, the result becomes invalid and the test must be repeated. In the two-step protocol, a negative result after 48 to 72 hours requires a repeat test within 1 to 4 weeks. This protocol reduces the likelihood of a boosted reaction to subsequent TB skin tests in patients with no previous history of TB. Nurses must be accurate when interpreting TB skin test results to identify those patients who may need further diagnostic testing and follow up. Inaccurate readings may increase the number of TB cases worldwide. (See About TB.)
According to the World Health Organization, tuberculosis (TB) is the 13th leading cause of death worldwide and the second leading infectious killer after COVID-19.
Although we can’t prevent some TB infections, many cases occur because patients go undiagnosed as a result of false-negative skin tests and then unknowingly spread TB to others. False-negative tests can result from improper PPD vaccine storage, improper administration, and improper interpretation of results due to lack of knowledge or inexperience. (See False-negatives.)
Many sources of false-negative tuberculosis (TB) skin tests are correctable. Nurse knowledge of the following causes can help prevent care delays and ensure adequate treatment:
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2020
As a family practice RN, I’m asked by many licensed vocational nurses (LVNs) to verify their TB test result measurements and interpretations. The frequency of these requests prompted me to follow up on their skin test knowledge and their familiarity with the organization’s interpretation policy. The family medicine department conducted a brief survey with eight family medicine LVNs, eight pediatric LVNs, and four RNs. We asked: “When reading a TB skin test, what would you interpret and document as a positive result?” and “Are you aware of the organizational policy for interpreting TB skin test results?”
Half of the family medicine LVNs responded incorrectly to the first question. Answers included “any millimeters of induration” and “0.5 mm induration.” The other half gave partially correct answers, with responses ranging from 9 mm to 10 mm induration with and without erythema. Of the eight pediatric LVNs, 25% responded that they were unsure, 50% responded inaccurately (results ranged from 5 mm to 20 mm induration), and 25% answered correctly. Of the four RNs surveyed, only half responded correctly. None of the participants were aware of the organization’s policy for interpreting TB skin test results, which had been updated recently.
Do you know the magic number for interpreting a TB skin test as positive? If not, don’t worry. No such thing actually exits. Instead, nurses should consider three different numbers based on a patient’s medical history and TB risk factors. For example, a patient with a history of HIV (as in the case with Monica) should be considered to have a positive TB skin test with a measurement of ≥5 mm induration. Patients in hospitals or nursing homes, children under 4 years of age, and patients who use injection drugs with ≥10 mm induration should be considered positive. Anyone 4 years and older with a low risk for TB infection is considered positive with ≥15 mm induration. (See Accurate interpretation.)
Accurate interpretation of tuberculosis (TB) screening (interferon-gamma release or skin test) requires knowledge of the patient’s medical history and risk factors. Depending on this information, different induration measurements may indicate a positive result.
Source: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 2020
In addition to administering TB skin tests, you can screen patients for TB with an interferon gamma-release assay (IGRA). Perform this screening independent of a skin test. Because of limited data, IGRA isn’t recommended for children under 5, patients recently exposed to TB, and patients who are immunocompromised.
Advantages of IGRA include completed testing in one patient visit, results within 24 hours, no boosted response in subsequent testing, and no altered results in patients who’ve previously received the bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine. The BCG vaccine can cause false-positive TB skin test results, but its reactivity typically decreases over time. If a TB skin test is considered positive 5 years or more after the patient received the BCG vaccine, results likely are due to TB infection and require further diagnostic evaluation.
Education and competency validation can help ensure you stay up-to-date with new TB skin test interpretation. Results of my short survey indicated the need for staff education. After discussions with the leadership team, education and training are now provided to current and incoming staff to increase accuracy of TB skin test interpretations and decrease the risks of false-negatives.
Safe patient care requires that all nurses be aware of their organization’s policies and procedures by reviewing them periodically and staying current with new guidelines. For example, the 2005 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines recommended that all U.S. healthcare personnel working in medium-risk settings with the potential for ongoing TB transmission receive baseline screening and annual testing. The most recent updates from 2019 include the following:
When interpreting TB skin test results, follow your organization’s policies and procedures, which should contain the most recent CDC guidelines. Consider the patient’s medical history and TB risk factors to determine whether they’ll be positive at 5 mm, 10 mm, or 15 mm induration.
To ensure accuracy, perform interpretations in adequate lighting and mark the areas of induration. Then measure its longest diameter horizontally. Don’t measure any redness, which may indicate an allergic or PPD vaccine reaction and doesn’t have interpretive value. Always document results in millimeters, and repeat the test if you suspect a false-positive or false-negative. (See How to measure.)
If you interpret the test as positive for TB, refer the patient for a chest X-ray and further diagnostic testing based on your organization’s policies and procedures. Don’t be afraid to ask for help, verification, or clarification. Remember, you’re the driver of your education and knowledge—stay updated.
Shanna Jackson is a nurse practitioner at Kaiser Permanente Medical Center in Riverside, California.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Resources for TB Programs. May 11, 2016.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. TB incidence in the United States, 1953-2020. October 5, 2021.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Trends in tuberculosis, 2020. October 12, 2021.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tuberculin skin testing. November 20, 2020.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Tuberculosis: Data and Statistics. March 24, 2022.
Sosa LE, Njie GJ, Lobato MN, et al. Tuberculosis screening, testing, and treatment of U.S. health care personnel: Recommendations from the National Tuberculosis Controllers Association and CDC, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(19):439-43. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6819a3
World Health Organization. Tuberculosis. October 14, 2021.
